![french monolingual french monolingual](http://image2.slideserve.com/4805594/monolingual-vs-multi-lingual-n.jpg)
One of the first settlements to be established in the region was that of Cahokia in 1696, with the foundation of a French mission. With French colonial expansion into the North American interior, various missions, forts and trading posts were established under the administration of New France. It is thought that remaining speakers live in or around Old Mines, Missouri.įrench colonization of the region began in earnest during the late 17th century by coureurs des bois from what is now modern-day Canada. Today the dialect is highly endangered, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining. Speakers of Missouri French may call themselves " créoles", as they are descendants of colonial French settlers of the Illinois Country ( Upper Louisiana) and their native-born descendants. Louis, Richwoods, Prairie du Rocher, Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes as well as several other locations. At one point it was widely spoken in areas of Bonne Terre, Valles Mines, Desloge, De Soto, Ste. The language is one of the major varieties of French that developed in the United States. Missouri French ( French: français du Missouri) or Illinois Country French ( French: français du Pays des Illinois) also known as français vincennois, français Cahok, and nicknamed " Paw-Paw French" often by individuals outside the community but not exclusively, is a variety of the French language spoken in the upper Mississippi River Valley in the Midwestern United States, particularly in eastern Missouri. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
![french monolingual french monolingual](https://www.mdpi.com/languages/languages-03-00029/article_deploy/html/images/languages-03-00029-g012.png)
Finally, the fact that there is no unique ISP for bilingual speech mode suggests that differences between monolingual and bilingual modes do not hold at the phonetic level.Counties where Missouri French is or was formerly spoken. Additionally, the lack of phonetic carry-over effect on ISP is encouraging for studies that have used ISP as a measurement baseline. This research empirically confirms centuries of non-instrumental evidence for the existence of AS, and thus supports calls for the teaching of AS to L2 learners. Finally, results show that there is no unique bilingual-mode ISP, but instead one that is equivalent to the monolingual-mode ISP of a speaker’s currently most-used language. Also, tongue tip height results mirrored those of the monolingual groups, for half of the bilinguals perceived as native speakers of both languages, but for no other bilinguals. Results of Experiment 2 show that upper and lower lip protrusion are greater for the English ISP than for the French ISP, in all bilinguals who were perceived as native speakers of both of their languages, but in none of the other bilinguals. For French speakers, only certain lip components of ISP are influenced by phonetic context while the ISP of the tongue and jaw are not. Results also show that for English speakers, the jaw ISP is somewhat influenced by phonetic context while the lip and tongue ISP are not. Results of Experiment 1 show significant differences in ISP across the English and French monolingual groups, with English exhibiting a higher tongue tip, more protruded upper and lower lips, and narrower horizontal lip aperture. The dissertation reports two experiments using a combination of Optotrak and ultrasound imaging to test whether ISP is language specific in both monolingual and bilingual speakers, whether it is affected by phonetic context, and whether it is influenced by speech mode (monolingual or bilingual).
![french monolingual french monolingual](http://clipart-library.com/images/8iEo6jxgT.png)
Inter-speech posture (ISP) of the articulators (the position of the articulators when they are motionless during inter-utterance pauses) is used as a measure of AS in Canadian English and Québécois French. This dissertation investigates articulatory setting (AS), a language’s underlying or default posture of the articulators (i.e., the tongue, jaw, and lips).